Low-speed pre-ignition and super-knock in boosted spark-ignition engines: A review

The introduction of downsized, turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines in the automotive market has led to a rapid increase research on Low-speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) and super-knock as abnormal combustion phenomena within last decade. former is characterized an early ignition fuel–air mixture, primarily initiated by oil–fuel droplet or detached deposit. Meanwhile, occasional development from pre-ignition high intensity knocking through detonation, which either shock wave interacting with propagating reaction cylinder surfaces inside hotspot suitable heat release reactivity gradient. phenomenon can be divided into four stages, including LSPI precursor initiation, establishment propagation pre-ignited flame, autoignition end-gases detonation. are rare phenomena, difficult observe optically engines, differences methodologies setups between steady-state experiments lead discrepancies results. Experimental included more detailed approaches using glow plug-equipped constant volume chambers compression machines. In addition, improved availability mechanisms for fuel lubricant surrogates allowed researchers model interaction at walls, evaporation droplets regimes different modes wave. This paper presents comprehensive review underlying behind its super-knock. Furthermore, it methodology experimental draws conclusions mitigating strategies based studies involving fuel, oil engine parameters. Finally, discusses prerequisites future needs original equipment manufacturers (OEM) industry have already adopted some proven solutions their products.